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Chola Empire and later Cholas: The Chola Dynasty was one of the longest-ruling and most influential dynasties in the history of South India. The Cholas had three major periods: Early Cholas, Medieval Cholas, and Later Cholas. Early Cholas (circa 300 BCE - 600 CE): 1. Karikalan: Under the legendary Chola king Karikalan, the Chola Dynasty expanded its territories significantly, reaching the northern parts of Tamil Nadu and even beyond. 2. Trade and Economy: The Early Cholas were active in maritime trade, establishing trade links with Southeast Asian countries. The city of Puhar was a major port during this period. 3. Culture and Literature: The Cholas made significant contributions to Tamil literature and art during this era. The Sangam literature, consisting of poems and epics, flourished. Medieval Cholas (848 CE - 1279 CE): 1. Rise of Vijayalaya Chola: Vijayalaya Chola, in the 9th century, established the Medieval Chola Empire by capturing Tanjore from the Muttaraiyars. 2. Rajaraja Cho...

Chola Empire and Later Cholas: The Chola Dynasty, one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India, had a significant impact on the political, cultural, and economic landscape of the region. The Chola Empire reached its zenith under Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I during the 10th and 11th centuries. The Later Cholas refer to the period following the decline of the Chola Empire, marked by subsequent rulers. Here's an overview: Chola Empire (c. 9th to 13th centuries): 1. Early Cholas: The Chola Dynasty had its roots in the early medieval period, and the Cholas initially ruled over a comparatively modest territory in the Tamil country. 2. Rise to Power: The Cholas rose to prominence under rulers like Vijayalaya Chola and Aditya I. However, it was under Rajaraja Chola I (reigned c. 985–1014 CE) that the Chola Empire expanded significantly. 3. Rajaraja Chola I: Rajaraja Chola I, one of the most illustrious Chola rulers, undertook successful military campaigns t...