Peshwa under Maratha:
The Peshwa was a key political and administrative office in the Maratha Empire. The Peshwa served as the chief minister and principal executive authority under the Maratha Chhatrapatis (emperors). The role of the Peshwa evolved over time, and the office became increasingly influential in shaping the policies and governance of the Maratha state.
Here are the key aspects of the Peshwa under the Marathas:
Origin and Development:
1. Early Appointments:
The position of the Peshwa was not institutionalized in the early years of the Maratha Empire. However, capable military commanders and administrators often served in similar capacities.
2. Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720):
Balaji Vishwanath is often considered the first official Peshwa. He was appointed by Chhatrapati Shahu, the grandson of Shivaji, to assist in the administration and military matters.
Key Responsibilities:
1. Military Command:
The Peshwa initially held a significant military role, leading Maratha forces in battles and campaigns. They were responsible for the defense and expansion of the Maratha territories.
2. Political Administration:
Over time, the Peshwa's role expanded to include political administration. They became the de facto heads of the government, handling matters of governance, diplomacy, and finance.
3. Chief Advisor to the Chhatrapati:
The Peshwa served as the chief advisor to the Maratha Chhatrapati. While the Chhatrapati was the titular head of the state, the Peshwa exercised real power and authority.
Prominent Peshwas:
1. Balaji Vishwanath (1713-1720):
The first official Peshwa, he played a crucial role in stabilizing the Maratha administration and consolidating power.
2. Baji Rao I (1720-1740):
Baji Rao I, the son of Balaji Vishwanath, was one of the most illustrious Peshwas. Known for his military campaigns and administrative reforms, he expanded the Maratha influence in North India.
3. Balaji Baji Rao (Nana Saheb) (1740-1761):
Also known as Nana Saheb, he was the son of Baji Rao I. Nana Saheb was a skilled administrator who navigated through the complex political landscape of the time.
4. Madhav Rao I (1761-1772):
Madhav Rao I, the posthumous son of Narayan Rao, became Peshwa after the Battle of Panipat in 1761. He is remembered for his administrative reforms and efforts to stabilize the Maratha Empire.
5. Nana Phadnavis (1772-1800):
Nana Phadnavis, although not officially holding the title of Peshwa, was a prominent statesman and administrator during the later years of the Maratha Empire. He played a crucial role in shaping the politics of the time.
Challenges and Decline:
1. Internal Conflicts:
The Maratha Empire faced internal conflicts and power struggles, leading to a weakened central authority.
2. British and External Threats:
The emergence of the British East India Company and external invasions, such as the Third Battle of Panipat (1761), posed serious challenges to the Maratha power.
3. End of Peshwa Rule:
The Peshwa rule faced a decline in the late 18th century, culminating in the defeat of the Marathas in the Anglo-Maratha Wars. The office of the Peshwa was officially abolished after the defeat in the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-1818).
The Peshwas played a crucial role in the administration and military affairs of the Maratha Empire. However, internal conflicts, external threats, and the emergence of British power ultimately led to the decline of the Maratha Confederacy and the institution of the Peshwa.