Maratha administration:
The Maratha Empire, which reached its zenith in the 18th century under the leadership of Chhatrapati Shivaji and later Maratha rulers, had a distinct administrative system. The Maratha administration evolved over time and was characterized by its decentralized nature, military focus, and efforts to accommodate local traditions.
Here are key features of the Maratha administration:
1. Decentralized Administration:
The Maratha administration was decentralized, with a focus on local autonomy. The empire was divided into provinces, each under the rule of a Maratha noble or chieftain known as a sardar or deshmukh.
2. Swarajya and Mawalwadi System:
The concept of Swarajya, meaning self-rule, was central to the Maratha administration. The Mawalwadi system allowed local communities to govern themselves to a large extent.
3. Chhatrapati (Monarch) and Peshwa:
The Chhatrapati was the titular head of the Maratha Empire, while the Peshwa (Prime Minister) served as the chief executive and military commander. The Peshwa played a crucial role in the administration.
4. Ashtapradhan Mandal (Cabinet of Eight Ministers):
The Ashtapradhan Mandal was the council of eight ministers, each with a specific portfolio. The key ministers were:
1. Peshwa: Prime Minister and overall administrator.
2. Amatya: Finance Minister.
3. Sachiv: Secretary.
4. Mantri: Interior Minister.
5. Sumant: Foreign Minister.
6. Nyayadhish: Chief Justice.
7. Senapati: Commander-in-Chief.
8. Panditrao: High Priest.
5. Revenue System:
The Marathas implemented a revenue system known as Chauth and Sardeshmukhi. Chauth was a tax of one-fourth levied on non-Maratha territories, and Sardeshmukhi was a 10% tax on the land revenue collected in Deccan provinces.
6. Military Administration:
The Marathas had a strong military focus, and military leaders held significant administrative positions. The Senapati (Commander-in-Chief) played a crucial role in both military and administrative matters.
7. Daulat Khan Deshmukh System:
The Daulat Khan Deshmukh system aimed at bringing about agrarian reforms. Under this system, local deshmukhs (chieftains) were responsible for the administration of their territories.
8. Fort System:
The Marathas maintained a network of forts across their territories for defense purposes. Each fort was strategically located and played a role in the overall defense and administration.
9. Local Governance:
Local administration in villages and towns was often carried out by local councils known as Panchayats. The Panchayats were responsible for resolving local disputes and managing local affairs.
10. Cultural and Religious Tolerance:
The Marathas were generally tolerant of different cultures and religions, allowing for a diverse administrative setup that accommodated local traditions.
11. Decline and Fragmentation:
Despite its strengths, the Maratha Empire faced internal conflicts and external invasions, leading to its decline and fragmentation by the late 18th century.
The Maratha administrative system was marked by its flexibility, emphasis on local governance, and the integration of military and administrative functions. The decline of the empire was influenced by internal conflicts, external invasions, and the rise of British power in India.