Chola State Administration Art and Architecture:
The Chola dynasty, which ruled over the southern part of the Indian subcontinent, particularly Tamil Nadu, during the medieval period (9th to 13th centuries), had a rich and vibrant cultural and administrative history.
Here are key aspects of the Chola state administration, as well as their contributions to art and architecture:
Chola State Administration:
1. Monarchy:
The Chola administration was predominantly a monarchy, with the king at the center of power. The king held absolute authority but was assisted by a council of ministers.
2. Local Administration:
The Chola Empire had a well-organized local administration. The kingdom was divided into units called "Mandalams," which were further subdivided into "Valanadus" and "Nadus."
3. Revenue System:
The Cholas had an advanced revenue system. Land revenue was a significant source of income for the state, and taxes were collected based on the agricultural produce.
4. Military Administration:
The Cholas maintained a powerful military force, including infantry, cavalry, and a navy. The navy was particularly crucial for maritime trade and warfare.
5. Justice System:
The Chola kings were known for their impartial justice system. Local assemblies called "Ur" and higher assemblies like "Mandalam" played a role in the dispensation of justice.
6. Trade and Commerce:
The Cholas were actively involved in trade and commerce, both overland and maritime. They had extensive trade connections with Southeast Asian countries, fostering cultural and economic exchanges.
Chola Art and Architecture:
1. Temples:
Chola temples are renowned for their grandeur and architectural brilliance. The Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjavur, built by Rajaraja Chola I, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a masterpiece of Chola architecture.
2. Bronze Sculptures:
Chola bronze sculptures are highly celebrated for their artistic quality and intricacy. These sculptures often depict various deities, saints, and mythological figures.
3. Mural Paintings:
Chola kings were patrons of art, and mural paintings adorned the walls of Chola temples. These paintings depicted scenes from Hindu mythology and daily life.
4. Bronze Icons:
The Cholas were known for casting bronze icons using the lost-wax technique. These icons were used for worship in temples and are considered masterpieces of Chola metalwork.
5. Dance and Music:
The Cholas were patrons of classical arts, including dance and music. The Chola period witnessed the flourishing of Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form.
6. Literature:
Chola rulers also contributed to literature. Rajaraja Chola I himself composed the "Rajarajeshwara Nataka," a literary work.
7. Tank and Irrigation System:
The Cholas were advanced in water management and irrigation. They built tanks (reservoirs) and canals for agricultural purposes, contributing to the prosperity of the region.
8. Nataraja:
The Chola period saw the iconic depiction of Lord Shiva as Nataraja, the Lord of Dance. The Nataraja sculpture symbolizes the cosmic dance of creation, preservation, and destruction.
The Cholas left a lasting legacy in the fields of administration, art, and architecture. Their contributions to temple construction, sculpture, literature, and other artistic endeavors have had a profound impact on the cultural heritage of India.