Tuesday, March 12, 2019
Radioactivity
The distance between the two protons in the large nuclei decreases so much that the repulsive force, due to their same electrical charge in the protons, is greater than the force that takes place between them, the nuclear force. goes.
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It has been found that the number of protons in the nucleus that is 83 or greater is temporary. To achieve stability, these nuclei are automatically emitting alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (4) rays.
Such nuclei, which are contained in atoms, are called radioactive elements, and the phenomenon of emissions of the above mentioned rays is called radioactivity.
Let us study about alpha (α), beta (β) and gamma (4) rays
Here the alpha (α) rays are actually made up of neutralized helium nuclei and beta rays are electrons with only a fast moving signal. Gamma (4) rays are made of chargeless photon particles. When alpha rays or beta rays emit from a nucleus, then the nucleus turns into a new element of the nucleus. If this nucleus is in a state of excitement, then its stimulus energy emits as gamma rays and comes into its original state. Thus gamma rays are emitted after alpha or beta rays.
1. Half-Life - In a radioactive element, half the atoms of atoms present on a given moment disintegrate in that time, at that time it is called half-life of that element. Let us tell you that half-life of each radioactive element is fixed. Half age of different elements is found from 10-7 seconds to 1010 years.
2. Transmutation - Transformation of a radioactive element into another element is called a transformation. The natural radioactive elements, however, continue to emit alpha or beta particles and continue to change into other elements. Apart from these artificially new elements can also be made. For this, the elements are chosen above the atomic number 92 (uranium) and they are bombarding electrons or protons of high energy. All elements can be made radioactive even by this type of artificial transformation.
Do you know that radioactiveness was discovered by Henry Beckerl?
3. Radioactive isotopes - For making radioactive isotopes, substances are irradiated by the neutrons in the nuclear reactor or they are bombarded by high energy particles obtained from the accelerator. Nowadays, the use of radioactive isotopes is increasingly being used in scientific research, medicine, agriculture and industries. Do you know that the chemical properties of all the isotopes of an element are the same, but the nuclear properties are very different.
Where radioactivity is used?
1. Use in medicine: Cobalt-60 is a radioactive isotopic that emits high-energy gamma rays. These gamma rays are used in the treatment of cancer. Even for the treatment of thyroid gland, adequate amounts of radioactive iodine isotope are displayed in the body.
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radioactivity is used
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Do you know that Geiger-Miller Counter is a device that recognizes the presence of radioactive substances and can measure its activity.
2. Radioactive isotopes are also used in determining the volume of total blood transmitted in the human body. For example, I-131 for the treatment of thyroid gland cancer, Na-24 isotope is used to detect blood clot in A-74 and circulatory system in tumor discovery.
3. Used in agriculture: How much fertilizer has been received by the plant, it is detected by the method of radioactive isotopes. This is called a tracer technique.
4. Used in the industry: Tracer method is used to detect the engine of the automobile's engine. For this, the piston of the engine is made radioactive and then fitted into the engine again, its lubricating oil is determined by measuring the rate of increased radioactivity in the lubricating oil, the piston's axis or wear is known.
5. Carbon dating: This method identifies the age of the residues of the organism. Every organism (plant or animal) in the living stage is carbon-14 which is absorbed by a radioactive isotopic element and after its death the eclipse stops. So, after the death, the quantity of carbon in the organism's body decreases naturally by its decay. Therefore, by measuring the activation of carbon-14 in a dead body, the time from its death to the present can be calculated.
6. Uranium Agglutination: The age of ancient non-living substances, such as rock, is known by the radioactive minerals present in them, such as uranium. By this method the age of rocks derived from the Moon is 4.6 x106 or 4.6 billion years, which is almost as much as the earth's.
The phenomenon of disintegration by radiating some invisible rays by naturally occurring substances, elements, and its compounds, is called radioactivity. Invisible rays which are released from radioactive substances are called radioactive rays, and this happens only due to the atomic instability.